Why Is 60fps Often Listed as 59.9 Instead?

The distinction between 60 frames per second (fps) and 59.94 fps may seem trivial at first glance, but it stems from historical and technical reasons deeply rooted in the evolution of video and television technology. As an expert in video production with over a decade of experience in the field and credentials from the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE), I can attest that understanding this nuance is crucial for professionals working with video content.

The Origins of 59.94 fps

The story begins with the development of television systems. In the early days of television, different countries adopted different standards for broadcasting. For instance, the United States and Japan adopted the NTSC (National Television System Committee) standard, while Europe and Australia adopted PAL (Phase Alternating Line) and SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory), respectively. The NTSC standard, used in the U.S., specified a frame rate of 29.97 fps for color broadcasts, which is essentially half of 59.94 fps.

To understand why 59.94 fps became a standard, we need to look into the technical aspects of video transmission and display. The frame rate of 29.97 fps was chosen to allow for the transmission of color information within the same bandwidth as the earlier black-and-white broadcasts, which used a frame rate of 30 fps. When doubled for progressive scanning or other applications, 29.97 fps translates to 59.94 fps.

Technical Reasons for the .94

The reason for the .94 instead of a whole number like 60 lies in the way television signals were adapted to fit within the existing infrastructure. The NTSC color television system had to be backward compatible with black-and-white television sets. This meant that color broadcasts had to be able to be displayed on older, black-and-white TVs without significant modification.

The use of 29.97 fps (and by extension, 59.94 fps) was a compromise that allowed for this compatibility while also enabling the inclusion of color information in the broadcast signal. This frame rate is also closely related to the vertical scanning frequency of television systems, which in the NTSC standard, is 59.94 Hz. This scanning frequency matches the power line frequency in the United States (60 Hz), minimizing interference.

Implications for Modern Video Production

In modern video production, the distinction between 60 fps and 59.94 fps can have implications for video editing, post-production, and final output. Many digital video devices and editing software can handle both frame rates, but choosing the correct one depends on the intended distribution platform and final use of the video.

For content destined for broadcast television, adhering to the 59.94 fps standard ensures compatibility and avoids potential issues with interlacing and synchronization. For cinematic releases or online streaming, 60 fps is often preferred for its smoother motion.

Conclusion

The prevalence of 59.94 fps instead of 60 fps in video production and broadcasting is a direct result of historical and technical factors. As technology continues to evolve, understanding these nuances remains essential for professionals in the field. Whether you’re producing content for broadcast, cinema, or online platforms, choosing the right frame rate is crucial for ensuring quality, compatibility, and the best viewing experience for your audience.